El-Ashram S, Toto NA, El Wakil A, Augustyniak M, El-Samad LM. Forensic Sci Int 43:3744. [172]. The collection of cerumen is less invasive than that of other biofluids [223] and the detection window is longer when compared to urine [222]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/29.1.58(open access article), Gronewold A, Skopp G (2011) A preliminary investigation on the distribution of cannabinoids in man. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2722, Metushi IG, Fitzgerald RL, McIntyre IM (2016) Assessment and comparison of vitreous humor as an alternative matrix for forensic toxicology screening by GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 40:243247. All the 6 milk bank samples tested negative on ELISA and on LCMS/MS as well [139]. In addition, some of the recent studies based on the application of these matrices in the analysis of classic drugs and novel psychoactive substances (NPS) will be reviewed. We present a series of 29 necropsies in which organic compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids . Clin Chem 61:523532. H . https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks007(open access article), Ishikawa AA, Bordin DM, de Campos EG, Blanes L, Doble P, De Martinis BS (2018) A gas chromatographymass spectrometry method for toxicological analysis of MDA, MDEA and MDMA in vitreous humor samples from victims of car accidents. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Dr. William Brewer, founder and CEO of DPX Technologies, recently participated in an expert led panel discussion on alternative matrices in forensic toxicology. Other studies in the literature reported findings regarding THC and its metabolite distribution into VH in agreement with these observations [170, 198]. A false negative result may be due to instability of some analytes in meconium (e.g., FAEEs, 6-MAM); inappropriately high cut-off concentration; delayed meconium collection (collected sample is transition stool or milk stool); inappropriate analytical targets (analytes not common in urine can improve detection of drug in meconium, e.g., m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine and p-hydroxymethamphetamine) [110, 123]. Unlike EtG, FAEEs from mother do not across the placenta and thus FAEEs in meconium are produced by the fetus from ethanol that crossed the placenta, reflecting the true fetal alcohol exposure [117]. Forensic Toxicol 34:1240. Forensic Sci Int Synerg. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 43:341349. J Anal Toxicol 41:473483. In a study by Saenz et al. The products used for bleaching, perming, dyeing or relaxation contain strong bases, which may affect the stability or the amount of drug present in the hair matrix. The implication of morphometrics and growth rate of dipteran flies in forensic entomotoxicology research: a review. The utilization of insects as an alternative matrix for drug identification is well-reported and suggested without conventional matrices for example urine, blood, or internal organs. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.46.4.292(open access article), Fernndez P, Rodrguez P, Bermejo AM, Lpez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A (1994) Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by HPLC. The application of VH in forensic analyses is based on several advantages of this matrix. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/34.9.539(open access article), Thaulow CH, iestad ML, Rogde S, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, Andersen JM, Hiseth G, Handal M, Mrland J, Arnestad M, iestad EL, Strand DH, Vindenes V (2018) Metabolites of heroin in several different post-mortem matrices. Drugs within a corpse may affected the development rate of insects that feed on them. Drug Test Anal 9:898904. Several clinical studies about infant exposure through breastfeeding are summarized in Drugs and Lactation Database [147]. This technique is a major advance in forensics; previously, such determinations were impossible in the case of severely . PMC J Anal Toxicol 24:509521. Bioanalysis 6:31333153. In this way, the device can stay attached to the skin up to 2weeks [79, 81]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Popular works include Effect of heroin in decomposing tissues on the development rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) and implications of this effect on estimation of postmortem intervals using arthropod development patterns., Effect . Sci Rep. 2022 May 19;12(1):8358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12351-w. Galil FMAA, Zambare SP, Al-Mekhlafi FA, Al-Keridis LA. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20464, Concheiro M, Huestis MA (2018) Drug exposure during pregnancy: analytical methods and toxicological findings. For detailed description of the oral fluid collection devices, refer to [15, 20, 21]. Entomotoxicology in burnt bodies: a case of maternal filicide-suicide by fire. https://doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-3-72 (open access article), da Costa BRB, Santos Jnior WJR, Maximiano IF, Gomes NC, Freitas BT, De Martinis BS (2021) Application of microextraction techniques in alternative biological matrices with focus on forensic toxicology: a review. PubMed The .gov means its official. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. THC was detected in all sweat samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 2.0ng/patch. [119] concluded that maternal alcohol consumption at 19weeks or more was better represented by meconium EtG levels equal toor higher than 30ng/g rather than currently used FAEE cut-offs. J Appl Toxicol 26:253257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.007, Kwon NH, Lee YR, Kim HS, Cheong JC, Kim JY (2019) Hybrid solid-phase extraction for selective determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in dyed hair by using gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Iran Biol Trace Elem Res 187:3240. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:10391067. how the crime was committed. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2177, Shokry E, Marques JG, Ragazzo PC, Pereira NZ, Filho NRA (2017) Earwax as an alternative specimen for forensic analysis. For all the advantages over conventional matrices cited previously, the oral fluid is currently the most suitable alternative matrix for the assessment of recent exposure of psychoactive drugs [12]. Since then, many analyses in VH have been conducted, including ethanol, illicit drugs and endogenous compounds [150]. Hair analysis can be used to determine the concentration of many licit or illicit drugs in their parent or metabolized form such as nicotine, the biomarker of tobacco exposure [40,41,42]; ethyl glucuronides (EtG) and total fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are biomarkers of ethanol intake [43,44,45,46]; cannabis [47,48,49,50]; cocaine [51,52,53,54]; amphetamines [55,56,57]; and NPS, including phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids [58, 59]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.057, Gomez-Roig MD, Marchei E, Sabra S, Busard FP, Mastrobattista L, Pichini S, Gratacs E, Garcia-Algar O (2018) Maternal hair testing to disclose self-misreporting in drinking and smoking behavior during pregnancy. doi: blowfly (the larvae phase being maggots) is highly consistent, and as one of the first inhabitants 10.17140/TFMOJ-SE-1-e001 of a cadaver, the stage of blowfly development can be back calculated to determine with a high level of accuracy, time of death.2,5,6 The site where the death . PMID: 21237593 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.015 Abstract Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. The device is composed of a 29mm diameter disk equipped with a capillary plastic coil, responsible for the collection of fluid. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072020000104722, dos Santos MF, Yamada A, Seulin SC, Leyton V, Pasqualucci CAG, Muoz DR, Yonamine M (2016) Liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of antidepressants in vitreous humor: study of matrix effect of human and bovine vitreous and saline solution. Curr Pharm Anal 4:274278. Epub 2017 May 31. Cannabis is the most consumed drug of abuse in pregnancy and after birth, but still there is no information about how much the amount present in HBM is related to the concentration of THC in cannabis or its joints, the frequency of use and the concentration in maternal plasma [127, 142]. Examples of drugs or metabolites recently reported in human teeth include cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, 6-MAM, THC, CBN, CBD [220], amphetamine, MDMA, morphine, codeine, norcodeine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, fentanyl, tramadol, diazepam, nordiazepam and promethazine [221]. Other less frequently reported biological specimens are also briefly discussed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.053, Bessonneau V, Boyaci E, Maciazek-Jurczyk M, Pawliszyn J (2015) In vivo solid phase microextraction sampling of human saliva for non-invasive and on-site monitoring. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3005[ahead of print], Gerace E, Bakanova SP, Di Corcia D, Salomone A, Vincenti M (2021) Determination of cannabinoids in urine, oral fluid and hair samples after repeated intake of CBD-rich cannabis by smoking. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.002, Forrest ARW (1993) Obtaining samples at post mortem examination for toxicological and biochemical analyses. Naturwissenschaften. A study on sweat analysis followed by a controlled oral administration of methamphetamine, showed that this drug was available in the matrix 2h after dosing [90]. Then, in this case, there is a recommendation that meconium collection should be performed until 24h after birth [124]. PubMed Central Entomology (Insecta or Hexapoda)Entomology(from Ancient Greekentomonmeaning 'insect', and-logia, meaning 'study of') is thescientificstudy ofinsects, a branch ofzoology. Forensic Sci Int 265:4753. Google Scholar, Manousi N, Samanidou V (2021) Green sample preparation of alternative biosamples in forensic toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.1968(open access article), Favretto D, Frison G, Maietti S, Ferrara SD (2007) LC-ESI-MS/MS on an ion trap for the determination of LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in blood, urine and vitreous humor. . Easy-to-use. In general, the frequent and chronic exposure to drugs, especially during third trimester of pregnancy, are required to produce positive results for drug(s) in meconium [108]. Lower concentrations of ecgonine methyl ester and benzoylecgonine were also detected after 248h and 8h from cocaine administration, respectively [96]. - 93.186.196.126. In addition, because sweat pH is more acidic than blood, basic drugs tend to accumulate in this fluid rather than acid substances [78]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.046, Risoluti R, Gullifa G, Buiarelli F, Materazzi S (2020) Real time detection of amphetamine in oral fluids by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. In these same two cases, THC-COOH was detected in blood, urine and VH in one case whereas in the other case THC-COOH was detected in blood and urine only [197]. J Anal Toxicol 18:298305. Clin Chem Lab Med 54:427435. One of the main applications is the oral fluid analysis of individuals suspected of driving under the influence of drugs, where this matrix is usually screened for cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates and ethanol [12, 22,23,24,25,26]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.013, Savini F, Tartaglia A, Coccia L, Palestini D, DOvidio C, de Grazia U, Merone GM, Bassotti E, Locatelli M (2020) Ethanol determination in post-mortem samples: correlation between blood and vitreous humor concentration. Essentials Of Forensic Medicine Toxicology And Hygiene Electronic Resource written by C E Armand (Charles Edward Semple and has been published by Legare Street Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-10 with categories. Within the organic portion of sweat, there are endogenous and exogenous substances excreted by the organism [78]. 8,17,40,77 using this technique, morphine distribution in various body parts of insect (haemolymph, cuticle, and integument of larvae) was demonstrated.39 parry et al., 58, by utilizing hplc technique https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1009, Article https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b212009(open access article), Malaca S, Busard FP, Gottardi M, Pichini S, Marchei E (2019) Dilute and shoot ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLCMS/MS) analysis of psychoactive drugs in oral fluid. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-017-0632-6, Petrides AK, Melanson SEF, Kantartjis M, Le RD, Demetriou CA, Flood JG (2018) Monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine use and abuse: is oral fluid or urine the preferred specimen type? This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Concentrations of cocaine and codeine at elimination peak ranged from 33 to 3579ng/patch and from 11 to 1123ng/patchfor sweat collected from hand; and 221463ng/patch and 12360ng/patchfor sweat collected from torso [82]. CAS The mismatches may be explained by differences in fetal metabolism and placental differences [109, 110]. Google Scholar, De Giovanni N, Fucci N (2013) The Current status of sweat testing for drugs of abuse: a review. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physicalchemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky044(open access article), Jenkins AJ, Oblock J (2008) Phencyclidine and cannabinoids in vitreous humor. Forensic Sci Int 288:223226. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Clin Toxicol 56:90100. On the other hand, VH does not seem to be a good biological matrix for investigating cannabinoids [151]. volume40,pages 118 (2022)Cite this article. Gosselin M, Wille SM, Fernandez Mdel M, Di Fazio V, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bourel B. Forensic Sci Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.06.005, Nowak K, Szpot P, Zawadzki M (2020) The stability of 4-chloromethcathinone in blood and vitreous humor. Curr Neuropharmacol 15:663681. 2017; SE(1): Se1-Se4. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000327, Cone EJ, Hillsgrove MJ, Jenkins AJ, Keenan RM, Darwin WD (1994) Sweat testing for heroin, cocaine, and metabolites. This field of forensic toxicology is responsible for building and . As all complex matrices, meconium requires extensive pre-analytical processing to minimize matrix interferences and improve the detection potential for the analytes of interest. J Chromatogr B 1124:349355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002(open access article), Ryan SA, Ammerman SD, OConnor ME, Committee on substance use and prevention and section on breastfeeding (2018) Marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: implications for neonatal and childhood outcomes. Forensic Sci Int 231:e1e3. Different patterns or proportional concentrations of the drug or metabolite in meconium may occur among newborns with similar exposure and, even between dizygotic twins. Insects to determine the PMI and Time since Death of a decomposing Human Body. In regards to NPS, in the literature, there are only a few reports on analytical method development and detection in authentic specimens (e.g., synthetic cathinones [120,121,122]). However, delayed passage of meconium may occur in preterm infants and may cause intestinal obstruction [99, 100]. Talanta 202:136144. Multi-step SPE column preparation and multiple extractions add to turn-around-time creating a bottle-neck in sample throughput for laboratories. J Appl Toxicol 33:740745. Bioanalysis 10:587606. eCollection 2020. [222] have also detected the NPS 4-fluoroamphetamine in cerumen specimens. The benefits associated to breastfeeding for both mother and infant, including decreased rates of infections and severe comorbidities, must be weighed against the effects of the drug on the infant to make the best decision for both mother and childs health. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Among drug users, heroin and 6-MAM were found in concentrations up to 400 and 441.1ng/patch, respectively [96]. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108670(open access article), Mart-lamo S, Mancheno-Franch A, Marzal-Gamarra C, Carlos-Fabuel L (2012) Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Synovial fluid obtained from articular joints, especially knee joints, has been also proposed as an alternative matrix for the investigation of drugs/metabolites such as morphine, codeine, cocaine, 6-MAM, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester [224]. J Pharm Biomed Anal 172:167174. My study showed that a forensic entomologist As forensic science progresses, more advancements have been made, particularly in the areas of DNA technology and entomotoxicology. Drug Alcohol Depend 134:111. . Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. Several other alternative samples (e.g. Entomotoxicology studies the application of toxicological analysis to carrion-feeding insects in order to identify drugs and toxins present on intoxicated tissues. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666170828162057, Milman G, Barnes AJ, Lowe RH, Huestis MA (2010) Simultaneous quantification of cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid by two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The molecule [ 79, 81 ] and challenges perfused with blood [ 10 ] choice of for., cannabinoids associate meconium drug testing remains the gold standard for identifying in drug Fibrosis diagnosis through measurement of chloride ions in sweat ELISA and on LCMS/MS as well [ 141 ] sebaceous.!, 78 ], such determinations were impossible in the use of arthropods as alternate toxicological specimens and retina. 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